m4-out-20027

MPEG-4 – The Media Standard
The landscape of advanced multimedia coding

m4-out-20027-R3.pdf

This document presents an overview of the technology and business landscape, the
applications, advantages and benefits of MPEG-4 - The Media Standard. Comments are
welcome at: papers@m4if.org

MPEG-4 The Media Standard

Table of Contents

WHAT IS MPEG-4? ....................................................................................................3
The media standard................................................................................................... 3
A revolution in functionality ........................................................................................ 4
Interactive scenes, objects, elementary streams ........................................................... 4
An evolution in infrastructure...................................................................................... 5
Saves money, makes money....................................................................................... 5
Risks of proprietary technology ................................................................................... 5
MPEG-4 is being widely adopted.................................................................................. 6

A STANDARDS LANDSCAPE.......................................................................................7
ISO/IEC’s Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG) ......................................................... 7
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) ..................................................................... 10
3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP and 3GPP2)................................................. 10
Internet Streaming Media Alliance (ISMA) .................................................................. 10

MPEG-4 TECHNICAL OVERVIEW.............................................................................11
MPEG Advances ...................................................................................................... 11
What are profiles and levels? .................................................................................... 12
What are the parts of the MPEG-4 standard? .............................................................. 13
The Importance of Interoperability ............................................................................ 14
Responsible Upgrades in MPEG-4 .............................................................................. 14
Extensions to MPEG-4 Advanced Audio Coding............................................................ 16

THE MPEG-4 MARKET..............................................................................................17
Business Opportunities............................................................................................. 17
Market Indicators .................................................................................................... 18

CLARIFYING COMMON QUESTIONS .......................................................................21
Who licenses MPEG-4 technology?............................................................................. 21
What is the role of M4IF in licensing? ........................................................................ 21
Should we wait for MPEG-4 AVC/H.264? .................................................................... 21
What is the relation of MPEG-4 visual and the DivX codec?........................................... 22
Is Microsoft Windows Media an MPEG-4 codec? .......................................................... 22
The future is all downloadable software codecs, why do we need a standard?................ 22
Is MPEG-4 based on Quicktime?................................................................................ 23
MPEG-4 and other technical specifications .................................................................. 23
MPEG-4 and Interactive TV....................................................................................... 24

THE MPEG-4 INDUSTRY FORUM .............................................................................29
Join the forum ........................................................................................................ 29
Help Drive Success .................................................................................................. 29

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...........................................................................................30

19/11/2002 2


W H AT I S M P E G - 4 ?

The media standard
MPEG-4 is an open standard, representing thousands of man-years of work shared by
hundreds of companies. No one company can hope to match the technical and intellectual
resources of an entire competitive market. No other technology has the potential to become
as deeply developed and widely supported by multiple industries, vendors and service
providers, and to be trusted by end users with their video and multimedia needs.

It is the only open standard that can address the opportunities enabled by the digital
revolution: easily deploy multimedia content for any and all platforms.

MPEG-4 dramatically advances audio and video compression, enabling the distribution of
content and services from low bandwidths to high-definition quality across broadcast,
broadband, wireless and packaged media.

MPEG-4 is an open toolbox to build bitstreams and decoders for all multimedia content.
MPEG-4 provides a standardized framework for many other forms of media — including text,
pictures, animation, 2D and 3D objects – which can be presented in interactive and
personalized media experiences. To support the diversity of the future content market MPEG-
4 offers a variety of so-called “profiles,” tool sets from the toolbox, useful for specific
applications, e.g. in audio-video coding, simple visual or advanced simple visual profile. Users
need only implement the profiles that support the functionality required.

Consumption
Creation
Contribution Distribution

TV

Playout
video
Production Storage terrestrial
PC

Encode
audio interaction Packaged satellite
DVD

2D images animation MPEG-4 wireless
server
CellPhone
PDA

3D images BIFS IPMP Cable
DRM
Game Console

text Retail
Radio

Figure 1: The MPEG-4 ecosystem liberates multimedia for delivery across any network
to any user of any device

19/11/2002 3


MPEG-4 is a transport-agnostic multimedia representation technology, suited for interactive
multimedia delivery systems at any bandwidth. Software that implements the MPEG-4
standard is free for download, and IP owners are committed to license their patents on terms
that are fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory. Comprehensive interoperability programs
are up and running at ISMA (www.isma.tvi), M4IF (www.m4if.orgii) and other organizations.

MPEG-4 is developed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG), a workgroup of the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (www.iso.orgiii) and the International
Electro-technical Committee (IEC) (www.iec.orgiv) – the group that designed MPEG-1, which
includes MP3 digital audio and MPEG-2 (the standard for the digital television, both DVB and
DVD).

A revolution in functionality
MPEG-4 is a fundamental revolution in multimedia experience and functionality. At the same
time, it is a progressive evolution, as MPEG-4 works in existing infrastructures, including
MPEG-2 environments.

MPEG-4 goes beyond delivering traditional sequences of 2D video & audio to end-users as
efficiently as possible. MPEG-4 also delivers interactive multimedia scenes with mixed media
in 2D and 3D. In MPEG-4, while video and audio are coded with state-of-the-art compression
techniques, graphics, text and synthetic objects have their own coding, rather than forcing
them into pixels or waveforms. This makes representation more efficient and handling them
much more flexible.

MPEG-4 offers revolutionary synthetic content tools, like structured audio (a language for
describing sound generation), animated faces and bodies, 2D and 3D meshes, and vector-
based graphics. This way, a minimum of generic information is transmitted, and rendering is
done locally. This allows separate interaction with each object and sharp rendering at all
bandwidths, e.g. subtitles that can be turned on and off and remain sharp even at high
compression rates..

Interactive scenes, objects, elementary streams
Because MPEG-4 is object-based, it is possible to construct multimedia scenes which
revolutionize the possibilities of interactive media. Authors can allow end-users to interact
with objects in the scene: to change the color of a car to see how it will look, to tag a player
on the field and watch all their moves, or to personalize enhancements to an enhanced video
program. MPEG-4 also opens up new revenue opportunities through the integration of back-
office systems including transaction/ e-commerce systems.

With MPEG-4, advanced interactive programming can be authored seamlessly integrating
audio/video with 2D, 3D objects, animation and interactivity. For example, a viewer can
navigate a sporting event’s course from a 3D map, select information about aspects of the
program, listen to commentary within a picture-in-picture window, and watch sponsored
advertising – all within a single MPEG-4 stream supporting multiple media objects. MPEG-4
allows the same interactive programming to be used across different delivery channels. The
same interactive program can be used on a DVD or delivered across a broadband network,
something that was so far impossible.

19/11/2002 4


An evolution in infrastructure
MPEG-4 is not an “in with the new - out with the old” revolution, since it is designed to
smoothly integrate into existing, hard-working MPEG environments. MPEG-4 is in itself
transport-agnostic. For some environments, transport mappings have been defined to allow
smooth integration and interoperable solutions. The MPEG committee has specified how to
carry interactive MPEG-4 content in an MPEG-2 Transport Stream, and has worked with IETF
on a mapping of MPEG-4 onto RTP transport.

Saves money, makes money
MPEG-4 saves money for content businesses by eliminating the need for costly duplicate
production in a number of different multimedia formats. MPEG-4 makes money for content
businesses by offering multiple new broadband and narrowband platforms for the distribution
of their content, such as wireless networks, digital television and the Internet. Together with
content description (specified in MPEG-7) and Digital Rights Management tools from MPEG-4
and MPEG-21, MPEG-4 assists companies to find out where their content has been distributed
while helping users to find content and to acquire it.

MPEG-4 is the standard that new entrants to the market are using to gain competitive
advantage, e.g. by delivering content to multiple appliances across multiple networks. Multi-
platform deployment of content is of key importance to building global Information and
Entertainment brands. While it is not possible with MPEG-2 to create interactive content and
then deploy it on both DVDs and interactive broadcast networks, this is easy with MPEG-4,
and a feature which is attractive to major movie studios.

Risks of proprietary technology
Some vendors may claim their solution is cheaper since they are a “one-stop shop.” Using the
open MPEG-4 standard avoids the dangerous hidden costs of proprietary technology, such as
becoming hostage to third party business and pricing models; the level of risk in depending
on proprietary and confidential third party technology road maps; conflicting agendas when
the licensing entity is both a supplier and a competitor to the licensee; exploitative licensing
terms, such as when the license includes many more bundled features than required; single
sourcing problems with respect to pricing, competition, product-sourcing, new product
versions, and bug fixes.

19/11/2002 5


MPEG-4 is being widely adopted
MPEG-4 is being broadly and progressively adopted, across traditional industry barriers.

It is already the established standard for low bandwidth multimedia on 3G mobile terminals.

MPEG-4 is currently being discussed in some of the most active groups within DVB, the
world’s leading digital television standards drafting body.

Several streaming providers have adopted MPEG-4 including Apple, who adopted MPEG-4
Simple Visual Profile and Advanced Audio Coding for its QuickTime platform, RealNetworks,
who supports decoding of MPEG-4 content, and the popular DivX codec is also MPEG-4
compliant.

In fact, most – if not all - of the major streaming players support, either natively or through
plug-ins, the MPEG-4 standard in their currently deployed infrastructure and products.

RealNetworks supports MPEG-4 on its Helix servers, which makes it quite easy to utilize
MPEG-4 today. Apple supports MPEG-4 natively in their Darwin Streaming Servers, which are
available for free, and in its new QuickTime 6. At the time of writing, QuickTime 6 has been
downloaded 25 million times since its introduction in summer 2002. Last but not least, a
number of MPEG-4 vendors offer plug-ins for Microsoft’s Windows Media Player that enable
users to watch MPEG-4 content in this player.

In terms of hardware vendor support, Sony is shipping its newer PDAs and DVCams with
MPEG-4. Several commercially available digital still cameras allow the capture of MPEG-4 onto
flash memory media. Snell & Wilcox’s Ingest Station features a browsing system based on
MPEG-4. Both this browser and the company’s SmartFile Transcoder were developed in
conjunction with codec vendor Dicas.

Consumer electronic device manufacturers and semiconductor companies are building MPEG-
4 devices for home entertainment systems including set-top boxes and DVD players and
handheld devices with MPEG-4, as well as MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 playback capabilities. The
DVD Forum is evaluating MPEG-4 for the next generation of storage media.

Finally, MPEG-4 is being deployed by many network and service operators around the world
where new services are being added to take advantage of the broadband infrastructure build
out.

19/11/2002 6


A S TA N D A R D S L A N D S C A P E

This Section briefly describes the standards environment of MPEG-4: the other MPEG
standards and some of the technology developed outside of MPEG.

ISO/IEC’s Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG)
Since the end of the 1980s, the Emmy Award-winning MPEG committee has built the
foundations of digital content delivery with its highly successful standards.

MPEG-1
Today, for the home video enthusiast, MPEG-1 video and audio (among which is MP3) are
possibly the best formats to choose if you want to share your content with others, because
they are universally understood. Combining a good compression ratio with high quality and
universal deployment on PCs, these formats have been very popular for many years. MPEG-1
is the basis for the multimedia revolution on PCs. MPEG-1 was originally designed for
CD-interactive and video-on-demand-like applications, and is still hugely popular in the form
of Video CDs.

MPEG-2
MPEG-2 is the audiovisual standard most widely used for entertainment video applications.
MPEG-2 enables digital television and DVDs, and there are several hundred million MPEG-2
decoders deployed in Digital Satellite and Cable set-top boxes, DVD players and PCs. It is a
more powerful format than MPEG-1, capable of achieving higher compression ratios and
supporting interlaced video. MPEG–2 decoding and encoding are more CPU-intensive than for
MPEG-1, especially for video.

Virtually every image you see on television today, even on an analog receiver, has at some
point been coded and decoded in MPEG-2.

MPEG-2 delivery rates have come down dramatically since the early adopters first went on
air, without any changes to the standard. When the standard was just released, it took over
6Mbps to get a picture quality acceptable for broadcast. Today, many service providers
successfully deliver quality images with bitrates between 2-2.5 Mbps – using the same,
unchanged decoders. MPEG-4 has started its ascent on the same quality/bitrate curve, driven
by a force only present in standards that are open for anyone to implement and improve: free
competition on a level playing field. And note that the mechanism works for audio just as it
does for video.

19/11/2002 7


Figure 2: Improvements in Coding efficiency are facilitated by MPEG-based Competition
[source: Harmonicv]

Figure 3: Improvements in coding efficiency are facilitated by MPEG-based Competition
[source: TandbergTVvi]

19/11/2002 8


Both MPEG-7 and MPEG-21 are additional toolsets which extend the functionality of MPEG
and interface tightly with MPEG-4 to create new content management features. MPEG has
taken care that MPEG-4 integrates well with MPEG-7 and MPEG-21. MPEG-7 descriptions and
metadata can be carried as MPEG-4 streams, and MPEG-21’s specifications are being written
to complement MPEG-4’s content representation.

MPEG-7
MPEG-7 is a recently finalized standard for description of multimedia content. It will be used
for indexing, cataloging, advanced search tools, program selection, smart reasoning about
content and more. The standard comprises syntax and semantics of multimedia descriptors
and descriptor schemes. MPEG-7 is an important standard because it allows the
management, search and retrieval of ever-growing amounts of content locally stored, on-line
and in broadcasts.

For example, a tune can be whistled into a wireless device, the tune is converted locally to an
MPEG-7 description, the description is transmitted to a search engine which returns the
searched piece. Another example is facilitating complex editing tasks based on rich,
hierarchical descriptions of the raw footage. A third example is broadcasting MPEG-7
Descriptions along with TV content, allowing TVs and Personal Video Recorders (PVRs) to
autonomously choose programs based on user preference. MPEG-4 has a built-in MPEG-7
data type, allowing the close integration of MPEG-7 descriptions and MPEG-4 content.

MPEG-21
MPEG-21 is an emerging standard with the goal of describing a “big picture” of how different
elements to build an infrastructure for the delivery and consumption of multimedia content –
existing or under development – work together. The MPEG-21 world consists of Users that
interact with Digital Items. A Digital Item can be anything from an elemental piece of content
(a single picture, a sound track) to a complete collection of audiovisual works. A User can be
anyone who deals with a Digital Item, from producers to vendors to end-users.

Interestingly, all Users are “equal” in MPEG-21, in the sense that they all have their rights and
interests in Digital Items, and they all need to be able to express those. For example: usage
information is valuable content in itself; an end-user will want control over its utilization. A
driving force behind MPEG-21 is the notion that the digital revolution gives every consumer
the chance to play new roles in the multimedia food chain. While MPEG-21 has lofty goals, it
has very practical implementations.

MPEG-21 includes a universal declaration of multimedia content, a language facilitating the
dynamic adaptation of content to delivery network and consumption devices, and various
tools for making Digital Rights Management more interoperable.

MPEG-21 is about managing content and access to content. Even if you have fully
interoperable coding there are still things you have to do to guarantee that all the features of
various different networks work. MPEG-21 is a framework which allows interoperability and
portability of content.

19/11/2002 9


Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)vii is a large, open international community of
network designers, operators, vendors, and researchers concerned with the evolution of the
Internet architecture and the smooth operation of the Internet. The IETF addresses
transport/session protocols for streaming media. Their work relevant to MPEG-4 includes
audio-video elementary stream payloads, generic MPEG-4 payload formats, the Real Time
Protocol (RTP) - a transport protocol for real-time applications, an RTP profile for audio and
video conferences with minimal control, and a Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP).

3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP and 3GPP2)
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)viii defines standards for 3rd generation mobile
networks and services starting from GSM-based systems. 3GPP2 does the same for CDMA-
based systems. Both pay much attention to mobile multimedia.

In their Wireless terminal specification, 3GPP and 3GPP2 use MPEG-4 simple visual profile for
video, MPEG-4 file format for multimedia messaging and RTP, RTSP for streaming protocols
and control.

Internet Streaming Media Alliance (ISMA)
The Internet Streaming Media Alliance creates a set of vertical specifications for Internet
Streaming. ISMA has chosen specific MPEG-4 Audio and Visual Profiles and Levels (see “What
is MPEG-4”), and augmented these with IETF transport specifications to create cross-vendor
interoperability for video on the Internet. The first ISMA-compliant implementations have
started to emerge. (www.isma.tv).

ISMA recommends streaming protocols for internet, including MPEG-4 simple visual and
advanced simple profiles for video, MPEG-4 High Quality Audio Profile for audio, MPEG-4 file
format for file storage, and RTP, RTSP for streaming protocols and control.

19/11/2002 10


MPEG-4 TECHNICAL OVERVIEW

This section presents an overview of the technical advantages of MPEG-4 and some of the
latest information on extensions and the MPEG-4 upgrade path. For a much more detailed
technical overview of MPEG-4 the official “MPEG-4 Overview” is recommended. Please visit
http://www.m4if.org/resources for access to this document.

MPEG Advances
The best way to understand MPEG-4’s new paradigm is by comparing it to MPEG-2.

In the MPEG-2 world, content is created from various resources such as moving video,
graphics, text. After it is “composited” into a plane of pixels, these are encoded as if they all
were moving video pixels. At the consumer side, decoding is a straightforward operation.

MPEG-2 is a static presentation engine: if one broadcaster is retransmitting another
broadcaster’s coverage of an event, the latter’s logo cannot be removed, also for example,
viewers may occasionally see the word “live” on the screen when a broadcaster is showing
third party live footage from earlier in the day. You can add graphic and textual elements to
the final presentation, but you cannot delete them.

The MPEG-4 paradigm turns this upside down. It is dynamic, where MPEG-2 is static.
Different objects can be encoded and transmitted separately to the decoder in their own
elementary streams. The composition only takes places after decoding instead of before
encoding. This actually applies for visual objects and audio alike, although the concept is a
little easier to explain for visual elements. In order to be able to do the composition, MPEG-4
includes a special scene description language, called BiFS, for Binary Format for Scenes.

Custom Int erface
with Personalizat ion

Full-screen MPEG- 4 video

Multiple Video Windo ws

2D Graphics
alpha-blended

CD-Quality Audio
Custom Branding

Figure 4: An MPEG-4 scene using multiple objects and elementary streams (Source: iVASTix)

19/11/2002 11


The BiFS language not only describes where and when the objects appear in the scene, it can
also describe behavior (make an object spin or make two videos do a cross-fade) and even
conditional behavior – objects do things in response to an event, usually user input. This
brings the interactivity of MPEG-4. All the objects can be encoded with their own optimal
coding scheme – video is coded as video, text as text, graphics as graphics – instead of
treating all the pixels as moving video, which they often really aren’t.

As all the coders in MPEG-4 are optimized for the appropriate data types, MPEG-4 includes
efficient coders for audio, speech, video and even synthetic content such as animated faces
and bodies.

What are profiles and levels?
MPEG-4 consists of a large number of tools, not all of which are useful in any given
application. In order to allow different market segments to select subsets of tools, MPEG-4
contains profiles, which are simply groups of tools. For example, the MPEG-4 Advanced
Simple visual profile contains ¼ pel motion compensation, B-frames, and global motion
vectors, but it does not contain shape coded video.

MPEG-4 device
MPEG-4 device Scene
Graph
0,1
Profiles
0,1
Scal. Etc. 0,1 Comp.
Simple 2D
Synth speech 0,1 0,1 Complete
2D
0,1 Audio

Audio
Profiles
Core
core Compl. 2D
hybrid etc.
FA Simple 2D Object Descriptor
Compl. Profile
Visual Graphics
Profiles Profiles Main personal

Media Profiles MPEG-J Profiles

Figure 5: Profiles and Levels

Profiles allow users to choose from a variety of toolsets supporting just the functionality they
need. Profiles exist at a number of levels, which provide a way to limit computational
complexity, e.g. by specifying the bitrate, the maximum number of objects in the scene,
audio decoding “complexity units,” etc.

The concept of MPEG-2 Video Profiles has been extended to include the Visual, Audio and
Systems parts of the standard, so that all the tools can be appropriately “subsetted” for a
given application domain.

19/11/2002 12


What are the parts of the MPEG-4 standard?
MPEG-4 consists of closely interrelated but distinct individual Parts, that can be individually
implemented (e.g., MPEG-4 Audio can stand alone) or combined with other parts.

The basis is formed by Systems (part 1), Visual (part 2) and Audio (part 3). DMIF (Delivery
Multimedia Integration Framework, part 6) defines an interface between application and
network/storage. Conformance (part 4) defines how to test an MPEG-4 implementation, and
part 5 gives a significant body of Reference Software, that can be used to start implementing
the standard, and that serves as an example of how to do things.

Part 7 of MPEG-4 defines an optimized video encoder (in addition to the Reference Software,
which is a correct, but not necessarily optimal implementation of the standard)

More recent parts added into MPEG-4 are:

• Part 8: Transport is in principle not defined in the standard, but part 8 defines how to
map MPEG-4 streams onto IP transport.

• Part 9: Reference Hardware Description", Phase 1 Hardware Accelerators, Phase 2
Optimized Reference Software integration through Virtual Socket

• Part 10: Advanced Video Coding (as discussed below)

• Part 11: Scene description (to be split off from part 1)

• Part 12: ISO Media File Format.

• Part 13 : IPMP Extensions.

• Part 14 : MP4 File Format (based on part 12).

• Part 15 : AVC File Format (also based on part 12).

• Part 16 : AFX (Animation Framework eXtensions) and MuW (Multi-user Worlds).

Figure 6 : The parts of MPEG-4. The arrows represent the flow of bits through the MPEG-4 system.

19/11/2002 13


The Importance of Interoperability
Interoperability is the capability of products from different vendors to seamlessly work
together. Interoperability is the goal of standards like MPEG-4.

Competition thrives and consumers benefit when multiple vendors’ products interoperate. The
MPEG committee’s contribution to interoperability is to publish the specification and
conformance points, such as profiles and levels. Other groups, notably the MPEG-4 Industry
Forum and the Internet Streaming Media Alliance go farther. Both organizations sponsor
interoperability programs and certification processes that allow vendors to test their products
before they are marketed and consumers to know they are purchasing a product that will
interoperate with other MPEG-4 products. Customers get choice and quality; vendors get
secure customers and a larger market place.

Responsible Upgrades in MPEG-4
MPEG-4 is a dynamic standard. The first parts were published in early 1999, and work is
ongoing. Changes to existing parts of the standard are always done in a backward-compatible
way, as MPEG does not want to render already deployed systems non-conformant. This
means that changes are usually done in the form of additions, sometimes as an amendment
to an existing part of the standard, sometimes as a new part. There are basically two types of
such additions: those that add functionality that wasn’t there before and those that improve
already existing functionality.

MP
Vid EG
eo -4
c om pro
p res gre
Bitrate

sio ss
n sci
en
ce

Simple Advanced
Advanced MPEG-4
MPEG-4
Profile
Profile Simple AVC/H.26L
AVC/H.26L

1998 2000 2002

Figure 7: MPEG - A predictable, responsible upgrade strategy

19/11/2002 14


Examples of the first kind are support for Multi-User Worlds (MUW) and the Animation
Framework eXtension (AFX). A notable example of the latter is MPEG-4 Advanced Video
Coding (AVC), or MPEG-4 part 10, also known as H.264, H.26L or JVT codec. MPEG-4 AVC is
the codec that is developed in a collaboration with the Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) of
the ITU-T, the International Telecommunications Unionx. The joint group that is responsible
for this codec is called Joint Video Team (JVT)

MPEG-4 is a toolbox, as stated earlier. As the market moves, the requirements for the toolbox
evolve as well, and the standard development work follows these requirements. Although not
at the pace that some people believe, compression technology is still progressing, both for
audio and video coding. In order for standards like MPEG-4 to be of most use to the market,
interoperability and stability need to be combined with solid performance. MPEG standards,
when they are issued, are always state-of-the-art, created through the collaboration of the
world’s best experts. Adversaries of open standards often describe the speed of
standardization as “sluggish.” This may be true for other standards, but not for MPEG.
Aggressive schedules are always met, and the rigor and quality of so many experts
collaborating far and away outweighs any theoretical speed disadvantage.

Unlike some of its proprietary competitors, MPEG exercises deliberate constraint in publishing
new versions. Markets are not developed by releasing a new codec every 6 months; it takes
time to build an interoperable eco-system that includes a rich variety of hardware and
software tools. Case in point: MP3, or MPEG1/2 Layer III Audio. MP3 is not the most efficient
audio compression codec anymore. But the advantages of using the interoperable format are
so obvious that support for the format is still growing. Even today, MP3 is being integrated in
car stereos, DVD players, CD players, etc. This is why MPEG employs a responsible upgrade
strategy for its standards.

When applied to video coding, the principle of responsible upgrades means that there must
be evidence for major increases in efficiency before undertaking the specification of a new
video codec. Such evidence turned up last year, when MPEG did an evaluation of promising
coding techniques, and subsequently started its work in the Joint Video Team, building on the
work done in ITU-T’s Video Coding Experts Group. The result, MPEG-4 Advanced Video
Coding (to be also published as H.264), will fit right into the MPEG-4 architecture.

19/11/2002 15


Extensions to MPEG-4 Advanced Audio Coding
MPEG-4 Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) is the most powerful audio codec licensed today. The
near CD quality MPEG-1 Layer 2 audio codec (used in many digital video broadcasting apps)
delivers high-quality stereo at 128kbit/s/channel while MPEG-4 AAC (Advanced Audio Coding)
offers the same quality at 64kb/s/channel. MPEG-4 audio is capable of coding 5.1-channel
surround sound very effectively and even allows transmission of wavefield audio data that will
extend the listening sweet spot to the whole room in future sound systems.

The original MPEG-4 AAC has recently been extended with a technique called Spectral
Bandwidth Replication, which gives spectacular bandwidth savings for apps like Internet
Audio and digital broadcast. MPEG-4 AAC with SBR can deliver high quality stereo audio at a
mere 48kbit/s. The SBR extension is both forward and backward compatible: an existing
MPEG-4 AAC decoder can decode the extended signal (without the enhancement) and a
decoder with SBR understand a signal that makes no use of the technique.

For digital audio broadcasting, MPEG-4 AAC is becoming the codec of choice. The satellite-
based XM Radio uses AAC-SBR and Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM), that starts broadcasting in
2003, also uses AAC.

MPEG-4 Audio is inherently scalable. If, for example, a transmission uses an error-prone
channel with limited bandwidth, an audio stream consisting of a small base layer and a larger
extension layer provides a robust solution. Strong error protection on the base layer (adding
only little overhead to the overall bitrate) makes sure there is always a signal, even with
difficult reception. The extension layer (with little error protection) and base layer together
give excellent quality in normal conditions. Any errors lead only to a subtle degradation of
quality but never in a total interruption of the audio stream.

19/11/2002 16


THE MPEG-4 MARKET

Business Opportunities
MPEG-4 is more than just another standard, rather it is the standard that creates business
opportunities not only for established market participants, but also for newcomers to digital
video and multimedia. MPEG-4 saves money and makes money.

Reducing Costs Through Multi-Vendor Support
MPEG-4 creates business opportunities in that it reduces costs to those deploying the media
standard. Market participants in today’s economic climate are much more receptive to
introducing and deploying flexible, scalable and multi-purpose solutions and indeed much
more focused on cost savings and reductions. This is where a unique key advantage of
MPEG-4 comes into play. Something that none of the proprietary technology offerings will
ever guarantee – a multi-vendor model that delivers competitive pricing guaranteeing a
sensible economic solution.

Whilst being a “one-stop-shop” as a standard, there are many MPEG-4 vendors, specializing
in the diverse opportunities and applications MPEG-4 is offering. In other words, the
content/creator and distributor is in complete control as to which vendor for which element of
the production and delivery chain is chosen.

Reducing Cost and Increasing Revenues Through MPEG-4 Object Orientation
As mentioned earlier, MPEG-4’s object orientation gives rise to several advantages – many of
which lead to reduced costs and new revenue opportunities. MPEG-4’s advanced compression
capabilities reduce the storage and bandwidth costs associated with digital media distribution.
The result is greater capacity on a single CD or DVD, more digital television channels over the
same bandwidth, and the ability to distribute rich media content over DSL, cable modems and
3G wireless networks.

MPEG-4’s object orientation also enables the presentation of interactive, multimedia
applications. With MPEG-4, service providers can sell customers an entirely new class of
programming including networked gaming, interactive eLearning programs, and media-on-
demand. Combined, MPEG-4 supports a compelling business argument in support of the
deployment of the technology in environments that will not only save money but will also
earn money.

MPEG’s Success Proves Market Viability
Proponents of proprietary alternatives will mention interoperability in the multi-vendor world
as problematic, but previous MPEG standards have already proven them wrong. The MPEG-4
community is working together, driven by market forces: vendors of different and
complementary solutions are partnering to offer best of breed solutions. The formal
interoperability work in e.g. M4IF is the tip of the vast market-based iceberg of work by
companies working bilaterally to guarantee their products will interoperate.

MPEG-4 allows different vendors to specialize in their category of excellence. Hardware or
software , real time and non real time encoders will all encode content for specific
applications, but it can all be read by the same decoders.

19/11/2002 17


Critics of MPEG-4 often cite the (lack of) licensing terms, particularly for MPEG-4 Visual.
Licensing terms for the different MPEG-4 parts are available in one-stop-shop license pools,
and support the market’s adoption of MPEG-4 in various business models – from broadcast
and streaming to mobile and packaged media distribution. The terms are designed to be fair
and reasonable to both the licensees and licensors. Further, MPEG-4 licensors have all
pledged to make licenses to their essential patents available to the market on reasonable and
non-discriminatory terms.

Market Indicators

MPEG Market Penetration
In the past decade, MPEG technologies have fuelled the transition from analog to digital
media delivery worldwide by providing the underlying foundation for today’s mass-market
digital distribution platforms. The unprecedented adoption of DVD technology over the last
few years is evidence of the impact MPEG technology has had on home entertainment.

90%
Digital Cable TV
80% Personal Video Recorder

Direct Broadcast TV
70% DVD
Penetration of U.S. households

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Figure 8: US Market Penetration – growth from 1999-2005 (The Yankee Groupxi)

Other trends include digital cable TV, direct broadcast satellite TV, personal video recording
(PVR), high-definition television, and MP3 online digital audio – each contributing to new
ways consumers experience media.

19/11/2002 18


80%

70%

Penetration of U.S. households 60%

50% Digital Cable TV
Direct Broadcast TV
Personal Video Recorder
40%
DVD
Cons umer Broadband
30% Mobile/Wireles s

20%

10%

0%

Figure 9: US Market Penetration – growth from year 0 (introduction) – 10 (The Yankee Group)

New Distribution Channels and Media Experiences
MPEG-4 enables the distribution of rich media across broadcast, broadband, wireless or wired
networks – something never before technically or economically viable.

25

20.4
20
Subscribers (millions)

14.6
15

9.9
10

5.9

5
2.6

0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Figure 10: U.S. Video-On-Demand Subscriber Forecasts (The Yankee Group)

Taken together, MPEG-4 improves and accelerates digital media distribution – further
contributing to the growth of consumer applications such as video-on-demand (VOD), mobile
multimedia distribution, interactive packaged media and streaming media.

19/11/2002 19


100%

75%

Dial-up
49% Households
50% 46%
Broadband
40% Households
33%

23%
25% 21%
16% 17%

0%
Video Streaming Listen to Download
Downloads Video Streaming Music
Audio

Figure 11: Broadband Media Access (The Yankee Group)

As broadband media access accelerates, consumer behavior shows signs of adopting new
ways of accessing and using media. Streaming and downloading video are slowly but
certainly becoming a part of the fabric of today’s digital home. As with MP3, MPEG-4 provides
a single media standard for accessing media globally – including feature length films and high
quality (AAC) music albums. As a single standard, it ensures interoperability between media
created by content owners and the playback capabilities on consumer devices – whether PCs,
set-top boxes, DVD players, mobile terminals, or other devices.

19/11/2002 20


CLARIFYING COMMON QUESTIONS

Who licenses MPEG-4 technology?
ISO/IEC MPEG is the group that makes MPEG standards. MPEG never deals with licensing. It
asks of companies that propose technologies for the standard to commit to licensing their
patents on Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory Terms and Conditions (also called “RAND”).

The exact details of the licensing model are outside the scope of this paper, Please visit the
M4IF Patents page for links to the latest information at this level, including links to the
licensing terms themselves. (http://www.m4if.org/patents/)

There are several MPEG-4 “patent pools” or “joint licensing schemes,” corresponding to the
different parts of the MPEG-4 standard. MPEG LA (www.mpegla.com) will license MPEG-4
Visual and will also take care of a joint license for MPEG-4 Systems. Dolby has announced a
program on behalf of several MPEG-4 AAC licensors (www.aac-audio.com), and a more
comprehensive MPEG-4 Audio licensing program is expected to be announced soon.

These joint licensing schemes are not carried out on behalf of ISO, MPEG or M4IF, nor are
they, or do they need to be, officially blessed by any such organization. There is no
“authority” involved in licensing, it is a matter of private companies working together to offer
convenience to the market.

What is the role of M4IF in licensing?
The MPEG-4 Industry Forum has written in its statutes that it shall not license patents or
determine licensing fees. It does not share in the license royalties. M4IF has acted as a
catalyst, promoting the use of patent pools. M4IF has among its members licensors, licensees
and other entities which have an interest in fair and reasonable licensing. M4IF believes that
the initial steps to get access to the necessary licenses have now been completed. Further
tuning will likely be necessary as a better understanding of the market is gained.

Should we wait for MPEG-4 AVC/H.264?
In July 2001, after MPEG reviewed evidence from formal subjective tests, MPEG decided that
scientific progress warranted the addition of a new Video codec to the MPEG-4 standard. The
most promising development appeared to be “H.26L,”” a draft standard that had been in the
works in ITU Study Group 16, developed by the Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG). MPEG
accepted the invitation by ITU-T to start a joint effort, building on H.26L, which will result in a
single, world-class video coding standard across ITU and ISO.

This standard will be ready by the end of 2002, and its audio and video quality will beat all
other video and audio coding systems in existence, including several proprietary systems
recently deployed. The new standard will be an extension of the MPEG-4 toolbox, because it
fits in the MPEG-4 architecture, can make use of the MPEG-4 File Format, and can be
combined with MPEG-4’s other tools such as those for audio coding.

MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding / H.264 makes use of the latest research in video coding.
The coding methods rely on the fact that computational power and memory have become
cheaper than 5 years ago, meaning that coding methods can be more complex than could
previously be accommodated in hardware and software environments.

19/11/2002 21


The new standard will not replace the current MPEG-4 (part 2) codecs. First, part 2 is being
deployed right now, and part 10 is still under development. Second, part 2 is already part of
some other standards and specifications. Third, in some environments, MPEG-4 Simple Visual
will remain a great complexity/performance trade-off. In many environments, support for part
10 may be added to support part 2.

A common myth has it that when a standard is ready, quality gets frozen. This is not true,
and MPEG-2 clearly shows how false that claim of some of MPEG-4’s competitors is. MPEG
only standardizes DEcoders and the bitstream syntax – which means that ENcoders are left to
the engineering skill of the manufacturer. When MPEG-2 was ready in 1995, 6 Mbit/second
was required to transmit a decent-quality broadcast signal. Today, this can be done in the
2 Mbit range – without any change to already deployed decoder boxes.

The same applies to MPEG-4 today. Implementations are rapidly improving in quality,
because encoder manufacturers are competing to offer good quality. The same will also apply
to MPEG-4 part 10. Competition in an interoperable eco-system is the best guarantee for
quality.

Should companies wait for MPEG-4 AVC to start doing MPEG-4? Certainly not. MPEG-4 is a
great proposition today, with its Systems framework and its highly efficient audio and visual
coders.

What is the relation of MPEG-4 visual and the DivX codec?
DivX5 is an implementation of MPEG-4 Advanced Simple Visual Profile. DivXNetworks is also
working on file format compliance.

Is Microsoft Windows Media an MPEG-4 codec?
Microsoft was one of the first companies to deploy an MPEG-4 Video codec in its Windows
Media platform, in previous versions. It doesn’t seem to be present in the latest version,
Windows Media 9. Some developers will know Microsoft’s contribution to the MPEG-4
Reference Software, one of the two implementations of the MPEG-4 Visual standard that
developers can download from ISO’s website (The other implementation is from the European
project ‘MoMuSys’).

The future is all downloadable software codecs, why do we
need a standard?
There are many environments in which downloading codecs is not possible. The future is
video and multimedia on many different devices, with very many totally different uses. While
the internet is growing exponentially, and streaming media and video on demand are poised
to be large applications, the future is also about wireless connectivity on phone and PDA or
slate type devices. Most often these are constrained by size to implement video decoding in
hardware, and embedded systems.

19/11/2002 22


Is MPEG-4 based on Quicktime?
The file format of MPEG-4 (MP4) is based on the QuickTime architecture. The rest of the
MPEG-4 standard was developed independent of QuickTime. QuickTime started supporting
MPEG-4 with its version 6, which includes Simple Visual profile and AAC.

MPEG-4 and other technical specifications
Multi-vendor support ensures market driven solutions. Standards like MPEG’s have a potential
for broad industry support. Proprietary solutions can only succeed if they are adopted by
large market segments, which has not happened with existing technologies. The table below
gives a comparison of MPEG-4 against most commonly used multimedia formats on the
Internet today.

MPEG-4 Windows Media Real Flash

Audio/Video Standards based; multi- Proprietary Proprietary, but Proprietary +
Codec vendor support. supports automatic proprietary Real and
download of MPEG-4 QuickTime formats.
plug-in.

Interactivity Highly interactive. Limited Yes, via SMIL. Highly interactive.

Digital Rights Interfaces to proprietary Microsoft DRM Content access No
Management DRM. More interoperable control
DRM under development
in MPEG-4 and MPEG-21

Real-time Yes Yes Yes No
stream control

Synchronization Audio, video and all Tight synchronization Tight synchronization No synchronization
other objects can be between audio and between audio and between scene and
tightly synchronized with video video streams
high accuracy

Broadcast Yes, including interactive A/V only Scene must be No
capable features unicast

Object model Video/audio and rich Audio/Video only Video/audio and Video/audio and mixed
support 2D/3D mixed media, mixed media through media through
synthetic graphics. DRM SMIL based protocol. proprietary protocol.
on separate streams. No streaming of
mixed media.

Graphic Objects Yes No No Yes

Transport Support exists for HTTP, HTTP, UDP, HTTP, RTP/RTSP, HTTP
UDP, RTP/RTSP, MPEG- RTP/RTSP, mobile mobile
2TS, mobile

PC, Set Top Yes Yes Yes No
Box, Wireless

19/11/2002 23


MPEG-4 and Interactive TV
Alongside significantly less bandwidth for the same quality, the native support for Interactivity
is a key difference between MPEG-4 and the MPEG-2 technology currently broadly deployed
in digital television systems.

In every case, making Interactive TV work in an MPEG-2 based environment, means that
operators need to adopt one or more proprietary solutions, or solutions based on
technologies not native to MPEG, and add them productively to an MPEG-2 delivery
environment. This has led to the emergence of several competing proprietary add-on
technologies competing for the business of ITV operators.

Each operator has a unique composite solution of technologies, usually determined by their
MPEG compression platform, their Conditional Access System and their Middleware platform,
e.g. OpenTV. This has led to the emergence of several incompatible vertical solutions and
markets. The problem with vertical markets, not only in the business sense but also in the
technology sense, is that at the end of the day, end-users don’t benefit from them, and
service deployment is slowed-down. Several attempts to dissolve them into the horizontal
market have taken place and are meeting great resistance from this sort of “economic
gravity” which makes vertical markets inevitable without open standards.

One very promising technology is the DVB standard for interactive TV APIs, Multimedia Home
Platform (MHP), described in more detail below. In the United States, MHP has its equivalents
in the Java-based Digital Applications Software environment (DASE), an Advanced Television
Systems Committee (ATSC) activity and in OCAP, the Open Cable Application Platform
specified by the OpenCable consortium, which is based on MHP.

The mainstream of the Broadcast Industry likes Java, because unlike the host of other
proprietary and flavored web-standards based approaches (e.g. MediaHighway, Liberate,
OpenTV), it offers content creators and providers and service operators a chance to ‘write
once, run many times’ of the same content, which is itself indispensable to creating a
horizontal market.

This paper will not compare MPEG-4 to these technologies and operator-specific or platform-
specific architectures. We will give a few examples of how the power of MPEG-4 can be easily
added to complement the most important standards in this area. As an example of a platform
based on procedural content, we examine ways in which MPEG-4 can add value to MHP.
Then in the other track of Interactive TV, away from Java, there is significant interest in the
W3C work on newer generations of its meta-languages based on HTML, e.g. XML and
XHTML. In fact the MHP platform supports both.

MPEG-4 and MHP
An often-asked question about MPEG-4 is how it relates to the Multimedia Home Platform
specification of DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting)xii.

The first thing to understand is that there are two relevant groups of DVB specifications. The
first, DVB 1.0, is the transport foundation of the DVB family of standards. This specification
spells out how to implement DVB-compliant MPEG streams. There, MPEG-4 is seen as a
logical evolution, and one which will be more efficient when DVB services are to be delivered
over IP. DVB has announced it is considering the adoption of MPEG-4 AVC/H.264 and MPEG-4
AAC with SBR (see above) extensions by 2003.

19/11/2002 24


The second DVB, also sometimes referred to as DVB 2.0, addresses the Multimedia Home
Platform and a variety of next generation delivery applications, including Copy Protection and
Copy Management and delivering DVB services over IP. The Multimedia Home Platform
(MHP) defines a generic interface between interactive digital applications and the terminals
on which those applications execute. The MHP specification specifies how to download
applications and media content, typically delivered over a DVB compliant transport stream,
and optionally in the presence of a return channel.

MPEG-4 is a natural companion to MHP applications, with low bitrate video and scene
representation formats streamed or delivered over IP to set top boxes. The application,
interaction and synchronization models of MPEG-4 allow more dynamic content to be added
to MHP-type of applications.

Because MPEG-4 can be carried by MPEG-2 transports we can achieve a very fine grain
synchronization between the broadcast program and the MPEG-4 multimedia content.
Integrating MHP with MPEG-4 can enable object-based interactive digital television.

The combination of MHP and MPEG-4 provides the ability to develop very flexible and rich
interactive applications for the interactive broadcast domain. The MPEG-4 features can be
introduced smoothly and gradually, in a backwards-compatible manner.

MPEG-J and DVB-J
The MHP architecture is defined in terms of three layers: resources, system software and
applications. Typical MHP resources are those elements that can be called upon by
applications to perform certain functions, for example MPEG processing, I/O, CPU, memory
and graphics handling. The system software presents a standardized abstract view of the
resources of the platform to the applications, thus enabling "platform independence.” An
"application manager" is provided to manage the interaction between these elements.

Generic Application Program Interfaces (APIs) are specified by DVB-MHP, based around DVB-
J, which includes the Java Virtual Machine (VM) as originally specified by Sun Microsystems.
MHP applications can only access the resources of the platform via these specified APIs, a
feature which guarantees the stability of the platform and its robustness against "rogue"
applications. These APIs are specified by the DVB Technical Module (TAM) and are tested for
conformance with the MHP specification through the use of agreed test applications.

MPEG-J(ava) offers a set of functionalities complementary to those offered by DVB-J. MPEG-J
in MPEG-4 is a set of Java APIs that may be present on a MPEG4 terminal. MPEG-J
applications (MPEGlets), which are sent as part of the presentation, use the MPEG-J API's to
control the capabilities of the MPEG-J terminal. Java packages that must be in the terminal
that supports MPEG-J include java.lang; java.io; java.util.

19/11/2002 25


MHP's "DVB-J" consists of a generic Java platform that is similar to PersonalJava 1.2a. It
supports "Xlets" (but not applets), and has a very limited subset of java.awt -- the widget set
is removed. Additionally, it includes JMF 1.1, Java TV 1.0, and a number of DVB-specific APIs
for accessing TV-specific data and controlling TV-specific functionality.

Figure 12:The MPEG-J reference architecture

Figure 13: MHP reference architecture showing role of DVB-J

19/11/2002 26


MPEG-4 and SMIL, SVG
SMIL is the Synchronized Multimedia Integration Languagexiii of the W3C and SVG is W3C’s
Scalable Vector Graphics specificationxiv. A comparison of MPEG-4 and SMIL+SVG capabilities
follows below. MPEG-4 provides a rich multimedia experience, in which interactivity,
streaming, and various mixed media, including graphics objects, are combined seamlessly.
SMIL and SVG, as currently proposed for use by 3GPP, provide somewhat similar
functionality, with notable differences, as SMIL is more declarative in nature and MPEG-4 is
more procedural. The comparison mostly concerns MPEG-4 BIFS (the Binary Format for
Scenes) and the Object Descriptor framework of MPEG-4, which takes care of the
synchronization between the different objects .

Requirement MPEG-4 SMIL+SVG

Spatial and temporal composition of text, Very simple to very complex Only 2D composition
graphics, images and streamed media (audio composition. 2D and 3D profiles
and visual streams)

Flexible synchronization models of different Yes Yes
objects (co-start, co-end, …)

Broadcast-grade synchronization of all objects Yes No
on a rigid timeline (e.g. A and V)

Streaming scene description Yes No

Compression of scene description Yes No

Dynamic scenes (add/ remove objects, etc) Yes No

Streamed animation of scene components Yes No

Broadcast capable Yes No

DRM tightly coupled with scene (e.g. can Yes No
protect streams independently)

MPEG-4’s Textual Format: XMT
Originally, MPEG-4 only contained a binary scene description language. Later, it became clear
that it would be helpful to add a textual representation as well, in the form of XMT, the
eXtensible MPEG-4 Textual format. XMT is an XML-based language, like SMIL. MPEG has
been careful to build XMT as compatible with SMIL as possible, to aid interoperability in
media distribution. Another goal was to build compatibility with the X3D specifications for
interactive 3D content (also known as VRML or Virtual Reality Modeling Language). MPEG-4’s
scene description model is based on the textual VRML language, to which MPEG added real-
time behavior, 2D support and a binary representation for efficiency. Lastly, there is a relation
between XMT and MPEG-4, which is based on XML schema language; further detail would be
beyond the scope of this document.

In the course of defining the textual format, MPEG-4 was also extended with the flexible
timing models that SMIL uses. The so-called “flextime” support was added to the broadcast-
type of time stamp-based, rigid MPEG-2 type of synchronization.

19/11/2002 27


Figure 14: Relation of MPEG-4 XMT to other specifications.

The textual format and the binary format are largely dual representations of the same
information. In most situations, one would want to deliver scene description information in
binary form, as that is much more efficient. For exchanging scenes between authors or
storing scenes inside a single organization in a way that is understood by multiple tools, a
textual format is a useful tool. It is easy to go from text to binary representation, and while
the other way is just as easy in theory, it is harder to do so in a ways that is meaningful for
an author, much like a decompiled program can be hard to read.

19/11/2002 28


THE MP EG -4 IND UST RY FO RUM

The MPEG 4 Industry Forum represents more than 100 companies from diverse industries
evenly distributed across North America, Europe and Asia, addressing MPEG-4 adoption
issues that go beyond the charter of ISO/IEC MPEG.

M4IF is vital to the success of the MPEG-4 standard, since the work done by MPEG is
necessary but not sufficient. In its endeavors to get MPEG-4 widely adopted, M4IF picks up
where MPEG stops. There are more than just technical issues to resolve; for example, M4IF
does much marketing work and the recent public debate over the licensing terms for MPEG-4
visual profile was greatly assisted by the Forum’s industry-wide public discussion on the pros
and cons of the announced schemes. In addition, M4IF has an advanced program of cross-
vendor product interoperability testing.

The M4IF provides the industry with a means to work in a pre-competitive, post-
standardization environment to help building out the MPEG-4 ecosystem, Other activities of
the forum include product certification, several working groups, access to MPEG committee
members, and an annual conference (WEMP4).

Join the forum
Membership in M4IF will put you in touch with your future clients, partners, suppliers and
competitors. It will put your company’s name on the list of the top 100 companies at the
leading edge of MPEG-4. For the price of a one-page advertisement in a trade magazine daily,
you join the forum and might meet your next customer there.

Help Drive Success
The M4IF has a unique and broad spectrum of members, coming from all industry segments,
all individuals who are focused on MPEG-4 and have decisive roles in their companies, the
time is now to communicate your value proposition to other members.

To join M4IF, to find out what activities will benefit your company, visit: http://www.m4if.org.

19/11/2002 29


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This document was produced by Martin Jacklin from contributions by Tim Schaaff of Apple
Computer, Sebastian Moeritz of dicas digital image codingxv, Yuval Fisher of Envivioxvi, U.
Georg Ohler of Fraunhofer IIS, Jennifer Toton of iVASTxvii, Rob Koenen of InterTrustxviii (M4IF
President), Jan van der Meer of Philipsxix, Olivier Avaro of France Telecomxx, Professor Klaus
Diepold of the Technical University of Munichxxi, and other members of the M4IF Board of
Directors and Marketing Workgroup.

For further reading please refer to the M4IF resources page at
http://www.m4if.org/resources.

Comments are welcome at papers@m4if.org

i
http://www.isma.tv
ii
http://www.m4if.org
iii
http://www.iso.org
iv
http://www.iec.org
v
http://www.harmonicinc.com
vi
http://www.tandbergtv.com
vii
http://www.ietf.org
viii
http://www.3gpp.org
ix
http://www.ivast.com
x
http://www.itu.int
xi
http://www.theyankeegroup.com
xii
http://www.dvb.org and http://www.mhp.org
xiii
http://www.w3.org/AudioVideo/
xiv
http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/
xv
http://www.dicas.de
xvi
http://www.envivio.com
xvii
http://www.ivast.com
xviii
http://www.intertrust.com
xix
http://www.philips.com
xx
http://www.francetelecom.fr
xxi
http://www.ldv.ei.tum.de

19/11/2002 30

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